B.Sc.(Cardiac Care Technology)-syllabus - Best College in Chandigarh, Punjab

from the Academic Year - 2014-15

PAPER – I

BASIC ANATOMY

THEORY

Introduction to Anatomy

Basic Anatomical terminology

Osteology- Upper limb – clavicle, scapula, humerous, radius, ulna Lower limb – femur, hipbone, sacrum, tibia, fibula Vertebral column

Thorax – Intercostal space, pleura, bony thoracic cage, ribs sternum & thoracic vertebrae

Lungs – Trachae, bronchial tree and circulation.

Heart – Surface and gross anatomy of heart, chambers of the heart, valves of the heart, major blood Vessels of heart, pericardium, coronary arteries, pulmonary circulation and venous system

Myology – Muscles of thorax, muscles of upper limb (arm & fore arm) Flexor and extensor group of muscles (origin, insertion, nerve supply, action)

Histology – Types of tissue
(a) Epithelia – Squamous Glandular Transitional Cartilage
(b) Connective tissue – bone, fibrous tissue, muscle

Excretory sytem – Kidney, ureters, bladder, structure of nephrons .

PRACTICALS

Heart cut section, Anatomy of Heart and Identification of _structures

Histology – Slides for identification, general features, heart _muscle valve_and atherosclerosis

PHYSIOLOGY

1. Overview of the cardiovascular system

Functions of the cardiovascular system
Circulation of blood
Central control of the cardiovascular system

2. Cardiac cycle

Mechanical events
Arterial cycle and central venous pressure cycle
Clinical aspects of human cardiac cycle

3. Cardiac excitation and contraction

Mechanism of contraction
Sinoatrial node function
The cardiac conduction system
Atrioventricular node function
Autonomic regulation of the heart rate

4. Assessment of cardiac output

Fick principle
Thermodilution and indicator dilution methods
Pulse Doppler methods
Miscellaneous methods

5. Hemodynamics

Relationship between pressure, flow and resistance Frank-Starling law Preload, afterload and contractility Control of stroke volume and cardiac output

6. Solute transport between blood and tissues

Circulation of fluid between plasma, interstitium lymph

7. Vascular smooth muscle

Mechanism of contraction Pharmacomechanical coupling, automaticity

8. Control of blood vessels

Local control mechanisms Nervous control Hormonal control

9. Specialization in individual circulation

Coronary circulation Cerebral circulation Pulmonary circulation Cutaneouos circulation

10. Cardiovascular receptors, reflexes and central control

11. Coordicated cardiovascular responses Posture Valsalva manoeuvre Exercise Divingreflex

12. Cardiovascular responses ion pathological situations Shock and haemorrhage Syncope Essential hypertension Chronic cardiac failure

13. Respiratory physiology Mechanics of respiration Principles of gas exchange regulation of respire

14. Hematology and coagulation physiology blood components Blood groups and blood transfusion Hemostasis

BIO-CHEMISTRY

Biomolecules and the cell:

Major complex biomolecules of cell and cell organelles-Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell

Carbohydrates – Chemical structure, function- Classification- Monosaccharides- Disaccharides- Polysaccharides-Homopolysaccahrides-Heteropolysaccharudes-Glycoproteins

Proteins: Amino acids- Classification- Structure of proteins- Determination of protein structure- Properties of proteins- Denaturation- Classification of proteins- Antigen, Antibody- Types, Plasma proteins- Blood clotting.

Lipids: Chemical structure, functions, Classification-fatty acids Triacylglycerols, Phospholipids, glycoproteins, Lipoproteins- Steroids – Amphipathic lipids.

Nucleic acids: Purines and pyrimidine- Structure of DNA – Watson & Crick model of DNA – Structure of RNA – Types of RNA

Enzymes: Definition – Nomenclature – Classification – Factors affecting enzyme activity – Active site – Coenzyme – Enzyme Inhibition – Mechanism of enzyme action – Units of enzyme – Isoeznzymes – Enzyme pattern in diseases.

Vitamins & Minerals: Fat soluble vitamins(A,D,E,K) – Water soluble vitamins – B-complex vitamins- principal elements(Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, Chlorine and sulphur)- Trace elements – Calorific value of foods – Basal metabolic rate(BMR) – respiratory quotient(RQ) Specific dynamic action(SDA) – Balanced diet – Marasmus – Kwasoirkar

Hormones: Classification – Mechanism of action – Hypothalamic hormones – Pitutary – Anterior, posterior – Thyroid – Adrenal cortex, Adrenal medulla – Gonadal hormones – Menstrual cycle – GI hormones

Acids and bases: Definition, pH, Henderson – Hasselbalch equation, Buffers, Indicators, Normality, Molarity, Molality, fluid and electrolyte balance.

BIOCHEMISTRY SYLLABUS FOR PRACTICALS–(UNDERGRADUATES)

QUALITATIVE TESTS OF MONOSACCHARIDES (GLUCOSE AND FRUCTOSE)

1. Molisch’s test
2. Fehling’s test
3. Benedict’s test
4. Seliwanoff’s test

QUALITATIVE TESTS OF LIPIDS

1. Solubility tests
2. Emulsification tests
3. Saponification tests

QUALITATIVE TESTS OF PROTEINS

1. Isoelectric precipitation tests
2. Heat coagulation tests

PAPER - II

1. PATHOLOGY, MICROBIOLOGY , CLINICAL FEATURES AND TREATMENT OF DISEASES PERTINENT TO CARDIAC TECHNOLOGY

Course Objective

This course will cover common cardiovascular diseases, their related pathology and microbiology and microbiology, outline of clinical presentation and management of these conditions including medical and surgical interventions.

Valvular heart disease Etiology
Acquired valvular heart desease
Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease
Aortic stenosis
Aortic regurgitation Mitral valve disease
Mitral stenosis Mitral regulation Combined valvular heart disease
Tricuspid valve desease
Infective endocarditis
Valvuloplasty and valve surgery (To include in IInd Year)

2. Coronary artery disease

Pathophysiology and clinical recognition
Angina Pectoris
Synptomatic and asymptomatic myocardial ischemis
Types and locations of myocardial infarction
Thrombolytic therapy
Medical treatment
Percutaneous interventions (To include in IInd Year)
Surgical treatment
Cardiac rehabilitation

3. Systemic hypertension

Essential and seconodary hypertension

4. Heart failure

Surgical and medical treatment

5. Myocardial diseases

Dilated cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Restrictive cardiomyopathy
Myocarditis

6. Pericardial Diseases

Pericardial effusion
Constrictive pericarditis
Cardoac tamponade

7. Electrical disturbances of the heart

Sinus node dysfunction
Arrhythmias and conduction disturbances
Treatment of arrhythmias – pharmacological, radiofrequency ablation and surgery (To include in IInd Year)

8. Pulmonary hypertension

rimary pulmonary hypertension
Pulmonary thromboembolism

9. Perpheral Vascular Disease

Atherosclerotic peripheral
vascular disease
Aortic aneurysms
Aortic dissection
Takayasu arteritis

10. Congenital heart disease

(a) Acyanotic heart disease
Atrial septal defect
Ventricular septal defect
Patent ductus arteriosus
Congenital valvular disease
Coarctation of aorta

(b) Cyanotic vongenital heart disease
Tetralogy of Fallot Double outlet right ventricle
Pulmonary atresia Transposition of great arteries
Truncus arteriousus Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection

2. PHARMACOLOGY RELATED TO CARDIAC TECHNOLOGY

Course objective:

This course will cover general pharmacology with special emphasis on common drugs used, route of administration, types of formulations, dose and frequency of administration, side effects and toxicity, management of toxic effect, drug interaction, knowledge of chemical and trade names, importance of manufacture and expiry dates and instructions about handling each drug.

1. Anti-anginal agents

Beta blockers-propranolol, atenolol, metoprolol, bisoprolol carvedilol, esmolol. Nitrates-nitroglycerine, isosorbide dinitrate, isosorbide mononitrate, transdermal nitrate patches Calcium channel blockers-nifedipine, verapamil, dilteazem, amlodipine Nicorandil, Trimetazidine, Ranolazine, Ivabradine,

2. Anti-failure agents

Diuretics-furosemide, torsamide, thiazide diuretics, metolazone, spironolactone, combination diuretics Angiotensin convertying enzyme (ACE) inhibitors ARB (Angiotensin Receptor Blocker) – Valsartan Cosartan Telmisartan – captopril Enalapril, ramipril, lisinopril, ACE inhibitors for diabetics and hypertensive renal disease Digitalis and acute ionotropes – digoxin, odoubutamine, dopamine, adrenaline, noradrenaline, isoprenaline Beta Blockers – Carvidilol, Bisoprolol, metaprolol

3. Anti-hypertensive drugs

Diuretics, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium antagonists, direct Vasodilators, centrally acting and peripherally acting vasodilators. Angiotensin Receptor Blocker – Valsartan LosartanTelmisartan olmesartan

4. Anti- arrhythmic agents

Amiodarone, adenosine, verapamil, diltiazem, lidocaine, mexiletine, Phenytoin, flecainide, bretylium, atropine, Isoprenaline

5. Antithrombotic agents

Platelet inhibitors: aspirin, clopidogrel, Prasugrel, ticagrelor________ Anticoagulants: heparin, low molecular weight heparin, warfarin fondaparinux_ Fibrinolytics: streptokinase, urokinase _Tenectaplase reteplase Glycoprotein 2b3a antagonists: abciximab, tirofiban, eptifibatide

6. Lipid lowering and anti-atherosclerotic drugs: statins, estimibe, niacin, fenofibrate

7. Miscellaneous drugs

Protamine
Narcotics: morphine, pethidine, fentanyl
Sedatives: diazepam, midazolam Steroids: hydrocortisone, oprednisolone,
Antihistamines: diphenhydramine Antibiotics: pecicillins,
cephalosporins, aminoglycosides
Antacids and proton pump inhibitors
Anaesthetic agents: local general